Introduction. Fundoscopic examination should be a part of routine physical examination and it is important to know the normal findings in order to detect the abnormalities. Here a brief discussion is given about normal finding on fundoscopic examination.
Disk: The disk is pale pink, approximately 1.5 mm in diameter, with sharp, flat margins. The physiologic cup is located within the disk and usually measures less than six-tenths the disk diameter. The cups should be approximately equal in both eyes.
Vessels:The central retinal artery and central retinal vein travel within the optic nerve, branching near the surface into the inferior and superior branches of arterioles and venules, respectively. Normally the walls of the vessels are not visible; the column of blood within the walls is visualized. The venules are seen as branching, dark red lines. The arterioles are seen as bright red branching lines, approximately two-thirds or three-fourths the diameter of the venules.
Macula: This is an area of the retina located temporal to the disk; it is void of visible vessels. The fovea is an area of depression approximately 1.5 mm in diameter (similar to the optic disk) in the center of the macula. The foveola is a tiny pit located in the center of the fovea. These areas correspond to central vision.
Background : The background fundus is red; there is some variation in the color, depending on the amount of individual pigmentation and the visibility of the choroidal vessels beneath the retina.
Points To Remember:
- The cup/disk ratio is slightly larger in the African American population.
- The normal fundus should be void of any hemorrhages, exudates, or tortuous vasculature.
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