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Sunday, November 13, 2016

Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES)



Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES)
is a condition characterized by uncoordinated contractions of the esophagus, which may cause difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or regurgitation. In some cases, it may causes symptoms such as chest pain, similar to heart disease.

Etiology: Etiology of esophageal spasm is unknown. Increased release of acetylcholine appears to be a factor (sensitive to cholinergic stimulation), but the triggering event is not known. Other theories include gastric reflux or a primary nerve or motor disorder. 

Pathology: Diffuse esophageal spasms occur when the propagative waves do not progress correctly. Usually, several segments of the esophagus contract simultaneously, preventing the propagation of the food bolus. In addition, diffuse esophageal spasms can be characterized by rapid wave progression down the esophagus or distinguished by a nonperistaltic response to swallowing.

Clinical Features: DES manifests as intermittent difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) for solid foods and liquids, and atypical chest pain. The chest pain may appear similar to cardiac chest pain (angina pectoris), so investigating the possible existence of heart disease is often indicated.

Diagnosis: Certain abnormalities on x-ray imaging are commonly observed in DES, such as a "corkscrew" (see picture above) or "rosary bead esophagus," although these findings are not unique to this condition. Specialized testing called manometry can be performed to evaluate the motor function of the esophagus, which can help identify abnormal patterns of muscle contraction within the esophagus that are suggestive of DES.

Treatment: Several drugs are used to treat DES, including nitroglycerin, calcium channel blockers, hydralazine, and anti-anxiety medications. Acid suppression therapy, such as proton pump inhibitors, are often the first line therapy. Botulinum toxin, which inhibits acetylcholine release from nerve endings, injected above the lower esophageal sphincter may also be used in the treatment of DES. Small studies have suggested benefit from endoscopic balloon dilation in certain patients, but all of the above have a low percentage of success in treating the condition; whilst the treatments work in some sufferers, it does not work for everyone.In extremely rare cases, surgery may be considered

2 comments:


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